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During a visit to Canada in 2019, Makram warned that anybody who criticizes Egypt abroad will be “punished” and she gestured with a slicing motion across her neck as she made the remark. The extent to which other governments will go to warn their citizens abroad was made ominously clear by Nabila Makram, the Egyptian minister of immigration and expatriate affairs. The murder of Saudi Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi is one of many examples from across the Arab region. They retain strong ties to their home state and have access to host state policymakers, international policymakers, NGOs, and media and to war crimes prosecutors in Europe.Īrab states increasingly view these new diasporic actors as a threat. While many members of these new Arab diasporas are young intellectuals and civil society professionals, many are also experienced politicians and human rights lawyers, whose work is essentially the reason they were forced to flee.

Importantly, they form part of a new diasporic community rather than a more established diaspora whose ties to the home state are more distant. And while the role of states remains central to the conduct of international relations, policymakers should pay more attention to these new Arab diasporas and use them in identifying solutions to armed conflict and problems of governance. They exert a fair amount of effort to try and influence and inform policies that affect their home state. Many of these diasporic actors plan to return home once the situation allows them to do so safely. Twitter emerging and politically active post-2011 Arab diasporas include former politicians and diplomats, academics, activist lawyers, civil society professionals, doctors, judges, journalists, and artists.